Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
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Computing
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
History
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 1: The Attic in Bergen
Fronts are the most recognizable feature on any weather map. The word was stolen from World War I by a 21-year-old in an attic in Norway.
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
NWP
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
The Man Who Tamed the Equations
Richardson’s equations were right but produced nonsense. Charney figured out why - they were too accurate. He filtered the noise and made weather prediction ...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 1: The Attic in Bergen
Fronts are the most recognizable feature on any weather map. The word was stolen from World War I by a 21-year-old in an attic in Norway.
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
ECMWF
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
ENIAC
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
The Man Who Tamed the Equations
Richardson’s equations were right but produced nonsense. Charney figured out why - they were too accurate. He filtered the noise and made weather prediction ...
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
Brim is the answer - Especially when you are busy with tropical cyclogenesis
A 1cm brim finally tamed the warping beast on the Sipeed Nanocluster case. Meanwhile, Cyclone Senyar had no Coriolis parameter yet spun anyway – so we melted...
Chasing the Spin: From ENIAC to the Pocket Supercomputers
From ENIAC’s 24-hour forecast to a Nokia running it in under a second. Now I’m building a Raspberry Pi cluster that outguns your phone.
Cray
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
Charney
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
The First Climate Model Had 5 KB of RAM
In 1956, Norman Phillips simulated the entire atmosphere on a computer with 5 KB of RAM. It produced jet streams, fronts, and realistic weather - from an atm...
The Man Who Tamed the Equations
Richardson’s equations were right but produced nonsense. Charney figured out why - they were too accurate. He filtered the noise and made weather prediction ...
Lorenz
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
The Butterfly That Broke the Forecast
In 1961, Edward Lorenz rounded a number from 0.506127 to 0.506. The weather changed completely. He had discovered that prediction has a fundamental limit - a...
Cluster
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
Brim is the answer - Especially when you are busy with tropical cyclogenesis
A 1cm brim finally tamed the warping beast on the Sipeed Nanocluster case. Meanwhile, Cyclone Senyar had no Coriolis parameter yet spun anyway – so we melted...
Chasing the Spin: From ENIAC to the Pocket Supercomputers
From ENIAC’s 24-hour forecast to a Nokia running it in under a second. Now I’m building a Raspberry Pi cluster that outguns your phone.
NCAR
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
Richardson
The Butterfly That Broke the Forecast
In 1961, Edward Lorenz rounded a number from 0.506127 to 0.506. The weather changed completely. He had discovered that prediction has a fundamental limit - a...
The Man Who Tamed the Equations
Richardson’s equations were right but produced nonsense. Charney figured out why - they were too accurate. He filtered the noise and made weather prediction ...
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
Phillips
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
The First Climate Model Had 5 KB of RAM
In 1956, Norman Phillips simulated the entire atmosphere on a computer with 5 KB of RAM. It produced jet streams, fronts, and realistic weather - from an atm...
GCM
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
The First Climate Model Had 5 KB of RAM
In 1956, Norman Phillips simulated the entire atmosphere on a computer with 5 KB of RAM. It produced jet streams, fronts, and realistic weather - from an atm...
Predictability
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
The Butterfly That Broke the Forecast
In 1961, Edward Lorenz rounded a number from 0.506127 to 0.506. The weather changed completely. He had discovered that prediction has a fundamental limit - a...
FORTRAN
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
CDC
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
NMC
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
NCEP
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
DataAssimilation
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
3d-printing
Bending the nerves during another 3d print
Printing a custom Noctua fan case for the Sipeed Nano Cluster. PLA Tough + fought back with warping so aggressive the result could double as a rocking chair....
From Science to Spaghetti (and Back Again)
I bought 400 EUR in spare parts and rebuilt three-quarters of the printer. The actual fix? One checkbox: Enable Prime Tower. Sometimes the solution is not a ...
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
github-pages
Bending the nerves during another 3d print
Printing a custom Noctua fan case for the Sipeed Nano Cluster. PLA Tough + fought back with warping so aggressive the result could double as a rocking chair....
From Science to Spaghetti (and Back Again)
I bought 400 EUR in spare parts and rebuilt three-quarters of the printer. The actual fix? One checkbox: Enable Prime Tower. Sometimes the solution is not a ...
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
troubleshooting
Bending the nerves during another 3d print
Printing a custom Noctua fan case for the Sipeed Nano Cluster. PLA Tough + fought back with warping so aggressive the result could double as a rocking chair....
From Science to Spaghetti (and Back Again)
I bought 400 EUR in spare parts and rebuilt three-quarters of the printer. The actual fix? One checkbox: Enable Prime Tower. Sometimes the solution is not a ...
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
Architecture
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
Silver Tape, God’s Glory, and AI Agents: Surviving the Academic Code Thunderdome
799 panicked tweaks held together by silver tape and the glory of God. I managed a team of AI agents like junior developers. Rule one: explain yourself.
Fronts
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 2: Reading the Sky
A trained synopticist finds fronts by integrating six signals at once. A satellite meteorologist reads them from cloud shapes. No algorithm does both.
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 1: The Attic in Bergen
Fronts are the most recognizable feature on any weather map. The word was stolen from World War I by a 21-year-old in an attic in Norway.
IAS
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
The First Climate Model Had 5 KB of RAM
In 1956, Norman Phillips simulated the entire atmosphere on a computer with 5 KB of RAM. It produced jet streams, fronts, and realistic weather - from an atm...
GFDL
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
The First Climate Model Had 5 KB of RAM
In 1956, Norman Phillips simulated the entire atmosphere on a computer with 5 KB of RAM. It produced jet streams, fronts, and realistic weather - from an atm...
Chaos
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
The Butterfly That Broke the Forecast
In 1961, Edward Lorenz rounded a number from 0.506127 to 0.506. The weather changed completely. He had discovered that prediction has a fundamental limit - a...
IBM704
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
ILLIAC
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
Shuman
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Backus
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Manabe
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
ENSO
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
ElNino
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
MIT
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Palmer
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
PLA
From Science to Spaghetti (and Back Again)
I bought 400 EUR in spare parts and rebuilt three-quarters of the printer. The actual fix? One checkbox: Enable Prime Tower. Sometimes the solution is not a ...
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
CM5
Brim is the answer - Especially when you are busy with tropical cyclogenesis
A 1cm brim finally tamed the warping beast on the Sipeed Nanocluster case. Meanwhile, Cyclone Senyar had no Coriolis parameter yet spun anyway – so we melted...
Chasing the Spin: From ENIAC to the Pocket Supercomputers
From ENIAC’s 24-hour forecast to a Nokia running it in under a second. Now I’m building a Raspberry Pi cluster that outguns your phone.
Vorticity
Brim is the answer - Especially when you are busy with tropical cyclogenesis
A 1cm brim finally tamed the warping beast on the Sipeed Nanocluster case. Meanwhile, Cyclone Senyar had no Coriolis parameter yet spun anyway – so we melted...
Chasing the Spin: From ENIAC to the Pocket Supercomputers
From ENIAC’s 24-hour forecast to a Nokia running it in under a second. Now I’m building a Raspberry Pi cluster that outguns your phone.
Maker
Brim is the answer - Especially when you are busy with tropical cyclogenesis
A 1cm brim finally tamed the warping beast on the Sipeed Nanocluster case. Meanwhile, Cyclone Senyar had no Coriolis parameter yet spun anyway – so we melted...
Chasing the Spin: From ENIAC to the Pocket Supercomputers
From ENIAC’s 24-hour forecast to a Nokia running it in under a second. Now I’m building a Raspberry Pi cluster that outguns your phone.
Bjerknes
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 1: The Attic in Bergen
Fronts are the most recognizable feature on any weather map. The word was stolen from World War I by a 21-year-old in an attic in Norway.
MetOffice
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 2: Reading the Sky
A trained synopticist finds fronts by integrating six signals at once. A satellite meteorologist reads them from cloud shapes. No algorithm does both.
Climate
The First Climate Model Had 5 KB of RAM
In 1956, Norman Phillips simulated the entire atmosphere on a computer with 5 KB of RAM. It produced jet streams, fronts, and realistic weather - from an atm...
The Man Who Tamed the Equations
Richardson’s equations were right but produced nonsense. Charney figured out why - they were too accurate. He filtered the noise and made weather prediction ...
Ensemble
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
The Butterfly That Broke the Forecast
In 1961, Edward Lorenz rounded a number from 0.506127 to 0.506. The weather changed completely. He had discovered that prediction has a fundamental limit - a...
LGP30
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
Frankel
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
From Cables to Chaos: Four Computers That Changed the Weather
From a 30-ton room of cables to an 800-pound desk, four machines turned weather prediction from a dream into a science. This is their story – and the story o...
BESK
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
Sweden
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
Enigma
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
Poland
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
Watson
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Oppenheimer
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Cressman
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
CDC6600
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
SeymourCray
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
Programming
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
Mintz
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
UCLA
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
Norris
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
IBM
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
CERN
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
Tomasulo
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
NASA
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Goddard
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Beowulf
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
GPU
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
Cyber205
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
Kalnay
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
BredVectors
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
jekyll
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
parenting
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
side-project
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
Terraforming Mars
From Filament Jam Prevention to First Post: A GitHub Pages Fun
Babysitting a 3D printer on its last centimeters of filament is boring – until you decide to spin up a Jekyll blog on GitHub Pages, crash your workstation, a...
PLA-tough-plus
Bending the nerves during another 3d print
Printing a custom Noctua fan case for the Sipeed Nano Cluster. PLA Tough + fought back with warping so aggressive the result could double as a rocking chair....
GeoTOP
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
OpenMP
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
Cpp
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
Hackathon
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
ADHD
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
I-O
GeoBOTTOM Chronicles: When ADHD Rolls a Nat 20 on OpenMP (and a Nat 1 on Architecture)
I told myself I had one job: finish the Senyar paper. Then my ADHD brain saw a side quest. From 53 hours to 22 - by muting a lying progress bar.
AcademicCode
Silver Tape, God’s Glory, and AI Agents: Surviving the Academic Code Thunderdome
799 panicked tweaks held together by silver tape and the glory of God. I managed a team of AI agents like junior developers. Rule one: explain yourself.
Claude
Silver Tape, God’s Glory, and AI Agents: Surviving the Academic Code Thunderdome
799 panicked tweaks held together by silver tape and the glory of God. I managed a team of AI agents like junior developers. Rule one: explain yourself.
Agents
Silver Tape, God’s Glory, and AI Agents: Surviving the Academic Code Thunderdome
799 panicked tweaks held together by silver tape and the glory of God. I managed a team of AI agents like junior developers. Rule one: explain yourself.
C
Silver Tape, God’s Glory, and AI Agents: Surviving the Academic Code Thunderdome
799 panicked tweaks held together by silver tape and the glory of God. I managed a team of AI agents like junior developers. Rule one: explain yourself.
Reviewer2
Silver Tape, God’s Glory, and AI Agents: Surviving the Academic Code Thunderdome
799 panicked tweaks held together by silver tape and the glory of God. I managed a team of AI agents like junior developers. Rule one: explain yourself.
Forecast
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
Quaker
The Man Who Forecasted Weather with a Pencil and a Pile of Hay
Before ENIAC, before computers, before punch cards - one Quaker ambulance driver tried to forecast the weather by hand, on a pile of hay, in a war.
Turbulence
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
Aviation
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
Peace
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
War
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
Fractals
The Number That Connects Turbulence to War
A single dimensionless number that predicts turbulence in the atmosphere, keeps pilots safe at 35,000 feet, and - Richardson believed - follows the same math...
Bergen
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 1: The Attic in Bergen
Fronts are the most recognizable feature on any weather map. The word was stolen from World War I by a 21-year-old in an attic in Norway.
Satellite
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 2: Reading the Sky
A trained synopticist finds fronts by integrating six signals at once. A satellite meteorologist reads them from cloud shapes. No algorithm does both.
Browning
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 2: Reading the Sky
A trained synopticist finds fronts by integrating six signals at once. A satellite meteorologist reads them from cloud shapes. No algorithm does both.
ConveyorBelt
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 2: Reading the Sky
A trained synopticist finds fronts by integrating six signals at once. A satellite meteorologist reads them from cloud shapes. No algorithm does both.
Synoptic
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 2: Reading the Sky
A trained synopticist finds fronts by integrating six signals at once. A satellite meteorologist reads them from cloud shapes. No algorithm does both.
WRF
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
MachineLearning
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
Diagnostics
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
Resolution
The Line That Models Cannot Draw, Part 3: The Ghost in the Grid
Richardson’s 200 km grid couldn’t see a front. ENIAC’s 736 km grid was hopeless. At 9 km, ECMWF starts to see them. A neural network at NOAA is learning to d...
QuasiGeostrophic
The Man Who Tamed the Equations
Richardson’s equations were right but produced nonsense. Charney figured out why - they were too accurate. He filtered the noise and made weather prediction ...
Butterfly
The Butterfly That Broke the Forecast
In 1961, Edward Lorenz rounded a number from 0.506127 to 0.506. The weather changed completely. He had discovered that prediction has a fundamental limit - a...
Rossby
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
Bolin
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
Operations
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
SMHI
The Swedes Got There First
In December 1954, Sweden began running the world’s first routine numerical weather forecasts – on a computer named after bitter schnapps, built because the A...
Beurling
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
Cryptography
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
FRA
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
Geheimschreiber
The Magician Who Told No Secrets
In 1940, a Swedish mathematician cracked the German Geheimschreiber cipher in two weeks with pen and paper. When asked how, he replied: ‘A magician does not ...
MANIAC
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
JOHNNIAC
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
ORDVAC
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
WEIZAC
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
SILLIAC
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
BESM
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
vonNeumann
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
Metropolis
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
MonteCarlo
The Blueprint Von Neumann Gave Away
Von Neumann refused to patent his computer. He published the blueprints and mailed them to anyone who asked. Teams on four continents built copies – and each...
Perceptron
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
Rosenblatt
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
Minsky
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
AI
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
NeuralNetworks
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
DeepLearning
The Machine That Learned Too Early
In 1958, a psychologist taught an IBM 704 to learn from its mistakes. The Navy called it the future of intelligence. His high school classmate called it a de...
IBM701
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Rochester
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Haddad
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Samuel
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Dostert
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
JNWPU
The Machine That Built IBM
In a Poughkeepsie tie factory with tar dripping from the roof, 150 engineers built the machine that transformed IBM from a punch-card tabulator company into ...
Rejewski
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
Rozycki
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
Zygalski
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
Codebreakers
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
Turing
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
BletchleyPark
Three Mathematicians from Poznan
In 1932, a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked the German Enigma cipher using abstract algebra. He and two colleagues handed their secrets to the Britis...
Smagorinsky
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
Nobel
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
ClimateScience
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
CO2
The Forecast That Reached the Nobel
In 1950, a young weather observer from New York City helped run the first computer forecast on the ENIAC. He founded a laboratory, recruited a village doctor...
LosAlamos
The Man Who Caught the Computer Disease
At Los Alamos, while critical bomb calculations waited, a young physicist sat alone in a room programming a tabulator to compute arctangents – values everyon...
IBM7090
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
IBM7094
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
TIROS
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
DaisyBell
The Decade the Forecast Got Good
The 1950s had been a decade of disappointment for numerical weather prediction. The models were too slow, the computers too fragile, the forecasts too bad. T...
Women
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
KlaravonNeumann
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
AdeleGoldstine
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
BettyHolberton
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
MaryTsingou
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
MargaretHamilton
The Women They Wrote Out of the Photo
In 1946, the U.S. Army released photographs of the ENIAC with men in suits identified by name. The women who had programmed the machine were in the pictures ...
DorothyVaughan
God Is Real (Unless Declared Integer)
Sixty-nine years ago today, a tape arrived at a nuclear research lab outside Pittsburgh. On it was the first program that could translate a scientist’s arith...
Dijkstra
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
Wirth
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
Pascal
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
Algol
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
FranAllen
The Empire That Its Creator Repudiated
In October 1977, John Backus walked to the podium at the ACM Annual Conference in Seattle to accept the Turing Award for inventing FORTRAN. He used his speec...
Fortran2023
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
NOAA
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
LAPACK
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
Dongarra
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
Julia
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
Python
The Language That Refused to Die
In 2026, a language designed in 1954 for an eight-ton vacuum-tube machine still runs every operational weather forecast, every major climate model, and – thr...
Arakawa
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
Randall
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
Schubert
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
NumericalMethods
The Fireman and the Visionary
In 1961 a thirty-three-year-old Japanese physicist arrived at UCLA on a two-year fellowship. The problem he had been brought to solve was that climate models...
Bryan
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
Stommel
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
Cox
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
Ocean
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
MOM
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
UNIVAC
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
Algorithms
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
RigidLid
The Man Who Fit the Entire Ocean in Half a Megabyte
In 1969 a team at Princeton coupled the atmosphere and the ocean in a single computer program and ran it on a UNIVAC 1108 with half a megabyte of memory. The...
JacobBjerknes
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
VilhelmBjerknes
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
Walker
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
BergenSchool
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
ClimateDynamics
He Made Walker Right
Gilbert Walker identified a statistical see-saw in tropical Pacific pressure in the 1920s and was dismissed as an empiricist without a theory. He died in Nov...
WarrenWashington
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
VectorProcessing
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
MesaLab
The Machine That Looked Like Furniture
On July 11, 1977, two refrigerated freight trucks pulled up at the Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. Inside one of them was a 5.5-ton C-shaped cylindrical computer...
Cane
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
Zebiak
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
Lamont
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
VAX
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
IRI
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
ClimateForecast
The Forecast on a VAX
In June 1986, two scientists at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a graduate student published a paper in Nature claiming that they could predict El Nino ...
Whirlwind
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Forrester
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Wang
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Papian
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Olsen
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Everett
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Aiken
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
Harvard
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
SAGE
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
CoreMemory
The Memory in Every Forecast
On 29 June 1948, walking through Harvard Yard, a young Chinese physicist named An Wang wrote in his notebook the principle that would make computer memory pr...
CDC1604
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
Mullaney
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
ERA
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
Sperry
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
FNWF
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
Wolff
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
ChippewaFalls
Serial Number One
In January 1960, in a basement classroom of Spanagel Hall on the campus of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, a quiet thirty-four-year-old elect...
Thornton
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
Scoreboard
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
Supercomputer
Thirty-Four People, Including the Janitor
On 28 August 1963, six days after a small Minnesota company called Control Data Corporation had announced a new computer called the 6600, the chairman of the...
IBM36091
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Conway
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Cocke
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
ACS
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Antitrust
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
Microarchitecture
The Algorithm That Outlived Its Machine
In October 1967, the first IBM System/360 Model 91 was crated up in Poughkeepsie New York and shipped two hundred miles south to the Goddard Space Flight Cen...
CDC7600
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Davis
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Kasahara
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Washington
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
LLNL
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Pipelining
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
Freon
Freon and Wire
On 3 May 1971 a Control Data Corporation 7600 supercomputer, serial number twelve of seventy-five, was crated up in Chippewa Falls Wisconsin and trucked the ...
ILLIAC4
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Slotnick
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Burroughs
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Ames
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
SIMD
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Mark
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Rogallo
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
GISS
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
NORSAR
It Didn’t Make Weather
Some time in the spring or summer of 1975, in the central computer facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Ames Research Center, a la...
Cray1
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
WiinNielsen
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
Bengtsson
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
Reading
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
Brussels
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
Spectral
First Cray in Europe
On 24 October 1978 a Cray Research Inc. Cray-1A vector supercomputer, serial number nine of the company’s first commercial product line, arrived by lorry at ...
Shukla
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
COLA
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
GLAS
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
Maryland
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
GMU
A Billion Butterflies
In a village called Mirdha in the Ballia district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, eighty-five miles east of Varanasi and approximately two hundred and ...
Survey
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
Vacuum
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
Transistor
From Tubes to GPUs
Jagadish Shukla’s memoir, A Billion Butterflies, devotes a chapter to each of the seven generations of digital computer he used between 1962 and 2024. The ch...
Breakthroughs
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
Failures
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
Stretch
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
Pentium
What Worked, What Didn’t
The architectural survey in the previous post traced seven hardware generations and what each one allowed atmospheric scientists to do. The same survey omitt...
TOGA
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
TAO
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
TRITON
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
PIRATA
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
RAMA
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
Hayes
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
McPhaden
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
PMEL
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
Argos
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
Kaimimoana
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
Observations
Sixty-Nine Buoys
On 26 December 1994 a NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory team in Seattle marked the deployment of the last of sixty-nine moored buoys spread across...
spectral methods
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
Bourke
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
BMRC
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
vector supercomputing
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
numerical methods
Thirty-Eight Years on the Sphere
Sometime in the middle of the 1970s, a copy of an Australian numerical weather prediction code was placed on a magnetic tape in Melbourne and posted, or carr...
IBM360-195
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
LFM
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
Sela
Seventeen Years at Suitland
On 6 May 1955, a thirty-five-year-old MIT-trained meteorologist named Fred Shuman stood next to an IBM 701 in a former Census Bureau building at Suitland, Ma...
LGP-30
Two Decimal Places at MIT
One day in the winter of 1961, Edward Lorenz typed six-digit numbers into the truncated three-digit form that came off his desk computer’s printer. The two r...
ETA10
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
Bracknell
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
FSU
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
FNOC
The First in Bracknell
In July 1981 a Control Data Corporation truck pulled up at the Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, and unloaded the first Cyber 205 ever sold to a...
Sigma
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
Aliasing
The Package Deal
Norman Phillips was twenty-one and a freshly commissioned weather officer when he met Martha Nissen at a Chicago operetta rehearsal in 1944 or 1945. They wer...
Gandin
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
OI
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
Leningrad
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
Cold War
The Book That Crossed the Iron Curtain
In 1963 the Leningrad publishing house Gidrometeoizdat brought out a 286-page Russian monograph by a 48-year-old meteorologist at the Voeikov Main Geophysica...
EPS
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
Toth
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
Buizza
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
Molteni
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
SingularVectors
Thirty-Three Lines on the Map
On Tuesday 24 November 1992 the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts at Shinfield Park in Reading ran the first operational ensemble forecast i...
Reanalysis
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
LETKF
A Textbook for the Grandmothers
In March 1996 the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a thirty-five-page paper with twenty-two authors and a project name in the title ...
4DVar
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
Courtier
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
Rabier
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
Hollingsworth
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
Talagrand
Eleven Years from the Adjoint
On the morning of 25 November 1997, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Shinfield Park, Reading, the operational data assimilation s...
SatelliteRadiance
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
TOVS
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
AMSU
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
IASI
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
RTTOV
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
RadiativeTransfer
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
GPSRO
The Hemisphere That Caught Up
For a quarter-century the Southern Hemisphere forecast trailed the Northern by a full day of skill. Half the planet was an observational desert – almost no r...
MPP
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
MPI
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
ParallelComputing
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
Vector
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
CrayT3E
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
ThinkingMachines
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
IFS
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
SpectralMethod
The Attack of the Killer Micros
Around 1990 a Livermore physicist named Eugene Brooks gave the coming slaughter a name: the attack of the killer micros. Cheap commodity chips, ganged by the...
Ternary
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Setun
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Brusentsov
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Sobolev
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Knuth
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Fowler
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
BitNet
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
GDDR7
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Huawei
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...
Precision
The Prettiest Number System of All
In the spring of 2025 the tech press noticed that Huawei had filed a patent on a processor logic with three states instead of two. It read like news. It was ...